Behavioural reactions of desert bighorn sheep to avian scavengers

I report previously undocumented encounters between avian scavengers and desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis nelsoni ). These encounters are of interest because they occurred only during the nursery season when lamb mortality was high. Desert bighorn sheep responded to the presence of avian scavengers with typical anti-predator behaviours, which may indicate that avian scavengers are potential predators or that desert bighorn sheep are unable to distinguish between avian scavengers and avian predators.     

Triterpenoid saponins from Medicago hispida.

Soyasaponin III has been characterized and the structure of a new triterpenoid saponin, hispidacin, has been elucidated as soyasapogenol B-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranopyranosyl(1----2)- beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1----2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside by a combination of fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry, 13C NMR spectroscopy, and some chemical transformations. Mechanism of transformation of soyasapogenol B to soyasapogenols D, and F has also been rationalized.     

Pyridostigmine enhances even if it does not normalize the growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing hormone in patients with Cushing's disease.

Subjects with Cushing's disease have diminished growth hormone (GH) response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). The aim of our study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of this diminished GH response in these patients using pyridostigmine (PD), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which is reported to increase GH secretion by reducing somatostatin tone. Eight subjects with untreated Cushing's disease (caused by a pituitary adenoma) and 6 control subjects received GHRH 100 micrograms in 1 ml of saline, as intravenous bolus injection 60 min after (1) placebo (2 tablets, p.o.) or (2) PD (120 mg, p.o.). After GHRH plus placebo, the GH peak (mean +/- SEM) was significantly lower in subjects with Cushing's disease (2.4 +/- 0.5 micrograms/l) compared to control subjects (25.1 +/- 1.8 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05). After GHRH plus PD, the GH peak was significantly enhanced both in subjects with Cushing's disease (7.1 +/- 2.3 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05) and in control subjects (42.3 +/- 4.3 micrograms/l, p less than 0.05). In patients with Cushing's disease, the GH response to GHRH plus PD was lower with respect to the GH response to GHRH alone in normal subjects. We conclude that hypercortisolism may cause a decrease in central cholinergic tone which is in turn hypothesized to be responsible of an enhanced somatostatin release from the hypothalamus. However, other metabolic or central nervous system alterations may act synergistically with hypercortisolism in causing GH inhibition in patients with Cushing's disease.     

Induction of DNA bending by bifunctional intercalating agents of the 7H-pyridocarbazole family

The structures and binding energetics of selected complexes formed between the deoxynucleotides d(CpGpGpCpG).d(CpGpCpCpG), d(CpGpApTpCpG)2, d(GpCpGpCpCpG).d(CpGpGpCpGpC), and d(CpGpCpCpCpG)2 with the DNA bifunctional intercalating agent ditercalinium and three of its rigid linking chain derivatives have been investigated theoretically by means of a molecular mechanics approach that takes into account nucleic acid flexibility, ligand flexibility and solvent dielectric effects (R. Lavery, in: Unusual DNA structures, eds S. Harvey and R. Wells (Pergamon, New York, 1988) p. 189; R. Lavery, in: DNA bending and curvature, eds W.K. Olson et al. (Adenine Press, New York, 1988) p. 191). The piperidinium chains of the bis-intercalating ligands are always located in the major groove of DNA. For the energy-minimized complexes the ligand proceeds to bind following preferentially the 5'-pyrimidine-purine-3' alternating sequence, thus dictating the number of internal exclusion sites. The complexes with three exclusion sites will present (i) a bending of the structure towards the major groove, and (ii) a non-ideal distribution of unwinding angles; complexes with less than three exclusion sites will remain essentially linear. The absence of a bend does not preclude other types of local deformations of the base-pairs such as inclination, buckle and tip. The proposed structures of the d(CpGpApTpCpG)2 complexes are in agreement with NMR structural results. The possible relevance of these findings to a previously proposed mode of interaction for ditercalinium-like DNA ligands is discussed.     

In Situ Analysis of Na,K-ATPase α1- and α3-Isoform mRNAs in Aging Rat Hippocampus

Abstract: Age-related changes in the expression of Na,K-ATPase α1- and α3-isoform mRNAs were analyzed by in situ hybridization in the Fischer-344 rat hippocampus. Quantification of signal density with cRNA probes in rat hippocampus at 3 months of age showed (a) α1 content is 1.5 times higher in granule than in pyramidal cell layers, whereas α3 content shows the opposite ratio and (b) α3 label is found in large clusters related to mossy cells and basket cells and in medium clusters corresponding to interneurons within the dendritic fields of CA1–3. In the 24-month-old rats as compared with the young animals, the α1 signal is increased more than sevenfold in the dendritic fields and is not significantly changed in perikaryal layers. The α3 signal is reduced about threefold ( p < 0.0001, ANOVA, n = 6) in perikaryal layers, is almost completely absent over the interneurons, basket cells, and mossy cells, and is not significantly changed in dendritic fields. These data indicate age-related, cell- and isoform-specific alterations in pretranslational regulation of Na,K-ATPase α isoforms. The striking changes in the dendritic fields, mossy cells, and GABAergic basket cells and interneurons may constitute early and sensitive markers for age-related alterations in hippocampal function, before cell loss.     

Ubiquity of Cysteine- and Metalloproteinase Activities in a Wide Range of Trypanosomatids

We have analysed the proteinase profiles of 11 species from 7 different genera of trypanosomatids by in situ detection of enzyme activities on SDS-PAGE gels containing co-polymerized gelatin as substrate, and the use of specific proteinase inhibitors. Our survey indicates that while cysteine- and metalloproteinases are distributed ubiquitously among trypanosomatids, there are marked differences between the enzyme profiles from the monogenetic (Crithidia, Herpetomonas, Leptomonas) and digenetic (Trypanosoma, Endotrypanum, Phytomonas, Leishmania) species. The detected metalloproteinase activities, ranging in size from 50–100 kDa, partitioned into the detergent-phase after Triton X-114 extraction, while most of cysteine proteinases, of three distinct molecular mass ranges (30–50 kDa, 80–100 kDa and 116–205 kDa), partitioned into the aqueous phase. Thus, within this group of organisms, the metalloproteinase activities seem to be predominantly membrane-associated proteins. We also show that the plant parasites of the genus Phytomonas exhibit a distinctive cysteine proteinase profile that might be exploited further as a criterion for taxonomy of the genus.